Endowment for Sustainable Development

 

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“Sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony, but rather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs.” — Brundtland Commission, 1987. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development.

“The only reason for thinking that sustainability is a problem is that you think that some people are likely to be short-changed, namely in the future.  Then I think you are really obligated to ask, “Well, is anybody being short-changed right now?” — Robert Solow, Nobel Laureate; Sustainability: An Economist’s Perspective. 1991.

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Current and Past Summer Sustainable Development Fellowship projects

Past Projects

Summer 2022

 

Sita Khanal

 

The impact of oil and gas flaring on crop yields: Does reduced flaring help in economic development and sustainability?  Agricultural productivity is crucial for economic development, where efforts are being made for sustainable development with the objective to provide sufficient food with minimal decline or increase in the natural resource base. Recently, concerns are arising if there are any other external factors besides regular environmental factors such as emissions, coming from recent commercial activities, have any impact on sustainable development. Flaring of oil and gas wells is one of the recent commercial activities in agricultural states, which might have negative impacts on crop yields. Emissions from flaring consist of several toxic chemical components that negatively impact the physiological functions of plants, thus reducing crop yield. This study contributes to the literature by accurately identifying the causal impact of total flaring activity and resulting emissions on crop yields using historical flaring and crop production data from the U.S. and other developing nations such as the Philippines, India, and Indonesia. The work for the U.S. has been completed employing the method of difference in differences leveraging the timing differences in flaring policy across the states. Preliminary results show that a 1 % increase in flaring causally decreases the corn and soybean yields by 0.015% and 0.00108%, respectively. Because the yield improvement from reduced flaring is significant, it supports climate change policies to further reduce air pollution, thus enhancing sustainable farming, ecosystem, and earth health. These results also support the notion that reduced air pollution from flaring aids economic and sustainable development goals by increasing farming efficiency and yields.

Imisi Aiyetan

Female leadership, Environmental Responsibility and Pollution levels: Do female top managers help to reduce firm pollution levels?   Corporations are increasingly claiming to be investing in reducing their corporate carbon footprint due to high demand by firm stakeholders for environmental responsibility. Recent research has found that managerial gender diversity can affect strategies and practices relating to environmental footprints. This study contributes to this literature by examining how female corporate leadership affects firms’ carbon emissions. Using a causal inference approach, I investigate the impact of female leadership on firms’ pollution levels and determine if corporate environmental responsibility explains the channel through which top manager gender affects firm pollution levels. I use World Bank Enterprise Survey data for firms from 41 countries across three world bank regions (i.e., East Asia and Pacific, Middle East and North Africa, and Europe and Central Asia). The results from the preliminary econometric analysis show that an increase in the likelihood of having a female top manager is correlated with a decrease in pollution, suggesting that the female corporate management affect environmental actions that lead to pollution reduction.

 

Summer 2021

Reetwika Basu

Sustainable use and allocation of water is a prime concern in many developing countries round the world. The Punjab region in India is experiencing a permanent water crisis caused from the extent of irrigation and inefficient management of water resources. With the intent of applications pertaining to sustainability, a general equilibrium (GE) model has been developed for agent-based modeling (ABM) for water use, allocation and transaction in watersheds. The model considers a set of farms/agents along a river basin. A set of appropriative, transferable water rights is distributed across the farms. They are to buy or sell water on an annual basis and use the water after transaction to grow crops. Assuming the price signals conveyed, acts as a mirror to the scarcity of water during transactions in the informal water market in Punjab, we intend to apply the GE model to simulate efficient and sustainable irrigation decisions.

 

 

GC Apar

Some controlled experiments have established that ozone has a negative impact on crop yield (e.g., Mills et al. 2007). Some regression-based multivariate studies using historical field-level data have also documented a yield-reducing effect of ozone (e.g., McGrath et al. 2015). However, the controlled lab studies are limited by external validity, and the field level regression studies suffer from endogeneity bias, measurement error, and omitted variable bias. The contribution of this study is to identify the causal impact of ozone on crop yields using wind direction as an instrument for the ozone and weather data from 1999 to 2013 for the U.S. and India. Data for the U.S. has already been collected and I am in the process of collecting Indian data. The IV method follows Deryugina et al. (2019), who use a similar wind direction instrument to identify the effects of pollution on mortality. Preliminary results from the U.S. show that a 1% increase in ground-level ozone decreases the yield of corn and soybean by 0.62% and 0.53%, respectively. These results suggest that emissions reductions in the U.S. have been effective in improving crop yields and highlight the incremental benefits of further reductions. By focusing on how pollution affects crop yields at different levels of pollution in the U.S. as well as in India, the paper also has implications for the benefits of pollution abatement in developing countries with much higher pollution levels than the U.S.

 

Imisi Aiyetan

Up to date, environmental justice remains an important part of the struggle towards achieving sustainable development. Although the guiding principles of sustainable development affect everyone, it lays special emphasis on the poor, racial and ethnic minorities. Over the past decades, several social scientists have documented how social and economic characteristics are linked to environmental inequities and injustice. They established that a larger population of people of color and low-income earners are likely to reside in disproportionate communities with high environmental risks. Some studies have also shown that minorities are exposed to environmental hazards in wealthy areas in the US. However, recognizing that socioeconomic dimensions of migration and environmental improvement are important components of sustainable development, none of these existing studies have uncovered the determinants of migration in areas with high environmental risks among ethnic and economic groups. Hence, this study fills the gap. To identify these determinants, this study aims to examine the determinants of socioeconomic dimensions of inflow and outflow migration, considering twelve most polluted counties in the US. This study will use panel data for the twelve counties over eight years. In assessing these panel data, I will develop conventional hedonic and discrete choice models. As effective policies affect environmental quality and create sustainable development, the findings from this study will dramatically enhance the understanding of policymakers on the possible policies that address social and economic problems, in addition to policies that improve environmental quality.

 

Kairon Garcia

The energy sector is known to be a major contributor of harmful pollutants that include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). With the global push for sustainable development, and technological advancements in the field, many countries, including the Unites States, have observed a growing interest on “greener” and “sustainable” energy sources such as solar power. To date, existing renewable energy studies have measured the environmental gains from using wind power, and examined the impact of overlapping environmental policies on pollution in the United States. However, only little is published on the environmental benefits of solar energy generation, and their interaction with other existing environmental policies. In this paper, I will fill this knowledge gap and estimate the emissions avoided per MWh of solar power produced, geared towards sustainable power generation. Furthermore, I will calculate how emissions change if solar power generation is implemented with existing cap-and-trade programs. Specifically, I will focus on the independent Texas interconnection, located in one of the leading states in terms of the facilitation of renewable energy resources and green technologies. I will adopt the structural approach used by Novan (2017) to build the theoretical and empirical framework by assuming an equal reduction in fossil generation offset by renewable resources. Findings will show how the simultaneous interaction between cap-and-trade programs and unbounded increase in renewable energy capacity impact emissions.